An moteri y'amashanyarazini igikoresho gihindura ingufu z'amashanyarazi mo ingufu za mekanike, kandi kuva aho Faraday avumburiye moteri ya mbere y'amashanyarazi, twashoboye kubaho ubuzima bwacu nta gikoresho ahantu hose.
Muri iki gihe, imodoka zirimo guhinduka cyane ziva ku kuba zikoresha amashanyarazi cyane cyane, kandi ikoreshwa rya moteri mu modoka ririmo gukwirakwira cyane. Abantu benshi bashobora kutamenya umubare wa moteri zishyirwa mu modoka zabo, kandi iyi nkuru ikurikira izagufasha kuvumbura moteri ziri mu modoka yawe.
Imikoreshereze ya moteri mu modoka
Kugira ngo umenye aho moteri iri mu modoka yawe, intebe y'amashanyarazi niho hantu heza ho kuyisanga. Mu modoka zihendutse, moteri zikunze kugena imbere n'inyuma no kuzunguruka inyuma. Mu modoka zihenze,moteri z'amashanyaraziIshobora kugenzura uburebure, urugero, intebe yo hasi y'intebe, inkunga yo mu ruhu, guhindura igitereko cy'umutwe no gukomera kw'intebe, hamwe n'ibindi bintu bishobora gukoreshwa nta moteri zikoresha amashanyarazi. Ibindi bintu intebe zikoresha moteri zikoresha amashanyarazi birimo kuzingira intebe zikoresha amashanyarazi no kuzishyiramo imbaraga ku ntebe z'inyuma.
Imashini zihanagura ibirahure by'ijoro nizo zikunze kugaragara cyanemoteri y'amashanyaraziIkoreshwa mu modoka zigezweho. Ubusanzwe, buri modoka ifite nibura moteri imwe yo guhanagura imyenda imbere. Ihagarikwa ry'amadirishya y'inyuma riri kugenda rikundwa cyane na SUV n'imodoka zifite inzugi z'inyuma, bivuze ko ihagarikwa ry'inyuma na moteri zijyanye naryo biba biri mu modoka nyinshi. Indi moteri ipompa amazi yo kumesa ku kirahuri cy'imbere, no mu modoka zimwe na zimwe ku matara, ashobora kuba afite agahagarikwa gato.
Hafi buri modoka ifite icyuma gitanga umwuka gikwirakwiza umwuka mu buryo bushyushya no gukonjesha; imodoka nyinshi zifite abafana babiri cyangwa benshi mu cyumba cy’imodoka. Imodoka zo mu rwego rwo hejuru nazo zifite abafana mu myanya yazo kugira ngo zihumeke neza kandi zigatanga ubushyuhe.
Mu bihe byashize, amadirishya yakundaga gufungurwa no gufungwa n'intoki, ariko ubu amadirishya y'amashanyarazi ni menshi. Moteri zihishe ziba muri buri dirishya, harimo n'amadirishya y'inyuma n'ay'inyuma. Imashini zikoresha izi porogaramu zishobora kuba zoroshye nk'izikoresha ibyuma bisimburana, ariko ibisabwa mu mutekano (nko kumenya imbogamizi cyangwa ibintu bifunga) bituma hakoreshwa imashini zikoresha ibyuma bikoresha ibyuma birusha ibindi gukora neza kandi bigenzura imikorere y'imodoka ndetse n'imbaraga zikoreshwa mu gutwara imodoka.
Guhindura imashini zikoresha intoki zigakoresha amashanyarazi, birimo koroshya akazi. Inyungu zo kugenzura imodoka zirimo ibintu byoroshye nko gukoresha kure, no kunoza umutekano n'ubuhanga nko gufungura mu buryo bwikora nyuma yo kugongana. Bitandukanye n'amadirishya y'amashanyarazi, imashini zikoresha amashanyarazi zigomba kugumana amahitamo yo gukoresha mu buryo bw'intoki, bityo ibi bigira ingaruka ku miterere ya moteri n'imiterere y'imashini zikoresha amashanyarazi.
Ibimenyetso biri ku dupapuro tw’amakuru cyangwa mu matsinda bishobora kuba byarahindutse diode zitanga urumuri (LED) cyangwa ubundi bwoko bw’ibimenyetso, ariko ubu buri dial na gauge bikoresha moteri nto z’amashanyarazi. Izindi moteri zo mu cyiciro cyorohereza zirimo ibintu bisanzwe nko gupfunyika indorerwamo zo ku ruhande no guhindura aho ziherereye, ndetse no gukoresha ibintu byinshi bihindagurika nko gupfunyika hejuru, pedal zishobora gusubira inyuma, n’ibitandukanya ibirahure hagati y’umushoferi n’umugenzi.
Munsi y'agasanduku k'amashanyarazi, moteri z'amashanyarazi zigenda zirushaho kugaragara mu bindi bice byinshi. Kenshi na kenshi, moteri z'amashanyarazi zisimbura ibice by'imashini bikoresha umukandara. Ingero zirimo abafana ba radiateri, pompe za lisansi, pompe z'amazi na compressors. Hari ibyiza byinshi byo guhindura iyi mikorere kuva kuri mashini ikoresha umukandara ukajya kuri mashini ikoresha amashanyarazi. Kimwe ni uko gukoresha moteri zikoresha umukandara mu bikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga bigezweho bikoresha ingufu nke kuruta gukoresha imikandara na pulley, bigatuma habaho inyungu nko kunoza imikorere ya lisansi, kugabanya uburemere no kugabanya imyuka ihumanya. Ikindi cyiza ni uko gukoresha moteri z'amashanyarazi aho gukoresha imikandara bitanga ubwisanzure bwinshi mu gushushanya imashini, kuko aho pompe n'abafana bishyirwa ntabwo bigomba kugengwa n'umukandara w'inzoka ugomba gushyirwa kuri buri pulley.
Icyerekezo cy'ikoranabuhanga rya moteri mu modoka
Moteri z'amashanyarazi ni ingenzi cyane mu bice byagaragajwe ku gishushanyo cyavuzwe haruguru, kandi, nyuma yaho, uko imodoka irushaho kuba ikoranabuhanga kandi iterambere ryo gutwara ibintu mu buryo bwigenga rikarushaho kwiyongera, moteri z'amashanyarazi zizakoreshwa cyane muri iyo modoka, kandi ubwoko bwa moteri zo kuyitwara nabwo burimo guhinduka.
Mu gihe mbere moteri nyinshi mu modoka zakoreshaga sisitemu zisanzwe za 12V, sisitemu ebyiri za 12V na 48V ubu zirimo kuba ingenzi, aho sisitemu ebyiri za volteji zituma zimwe mu ngufu nyinshi zikurwa kuri batiri ya 12V. Akamaro ko gukoresha ingufu za 48V ni ukugabanya ingufu inshuro enye ku ngufu zimwe, hamwe no kugabanya uburemere bw'insinga n'imizingo ya moteri. Ikoreshwa hamwe n'imbaraga nyinshi zishobora kuvugururwa zikaba 48V harimo moteri zitangira, turbochargers, pompe za lisansi, pompe z'amazi n'abafana bakonjesha. Gushyira sisitemu y'amashanyarazi ya 48V kuri ibi bice bishobora kuzigama hafi 10% mu ikoreshwa rya lisansi.
Gusobanukirwa ubwoko bwa moteri
Porogaramu zitandukanye zisaba moteri zitandukanye, kandi moteri zishobora gushyirwa mu byiciro bitandukanye.
1. Gushyira mu byiciro hashingiwe ku isoko y'ingufu zikoreshwa - Bitewe n'isoko y'ingufu zikoreshwa na moteri, ishobora gushyirwa mu byiciro bya moteri za DC na moteri za AC. Muri zo, moteri za AC zigabanyijemo moteri z'icyiciro kimwe na moteri z'icyiciro cya gatatu.
2. Dukurikije ihame ry’imikorere - dukurikije imiterere itandukanye n’ihame ry’imikorere, moteri ishobora kugabanywamo moteri ya DC, moteri idahuza na moteri idahuza na moteri. Moteri zidahuza na moteri zishobora kugabanywamo moteri zidahuza na magnet zihoraho, moteri zidahuza na moteri za hysteresis. Moteri idahuza na moteri ishobora kugabanywamo moteri zitwara na moteri zitwara na AC.
3. Gushyira mu byiciro hakurikijwe uburyo bwo gutangiza no gukoresha - moteri hakurikijwe uburyo bwo gutangiza no gukoresha ishobora kugabanywamo moteri idafite ingano imwe ya capacitor-started single-phase asynchronous, moteri idafite ingano imwe ya capacitor-run single-phase asynchronous, moteri idafite ingano imwe ya capacitor-started single-phase asynchronous na moteri idafite ingano imwe ya split-phase.
4. Gushyira mu byiciro hakurikijwe ikoreshwa - moteri z'amashanyarazi zishobora kugabanywamo moteri zitwara n'izigenzura hakurikijwe ikoreshwa. Moteri itwara igabanywamo ibikoresho by'amashanyarazi (harimo gucukura, gusiga irangi, gusya, gukata, gukata n'ibindi bikoresho) hamwe na moteri z'amashanyarazi, ibikoresho byo mu rugo (harimo imashini zimesa, amafeni y'amashanyarazi, firigo, ibyuma bikonjesha, amajwi ya kaseti, VCR, amajwi ya videwo, ibyuma bicukura DVD, hoovers, kamera, imashini zumisha umusatsi, imashini zogosha amashanyarazi, nibindi) hamwe na moteri z'amashanyarazi n'izindi mashini n'ibikoresho bito bikoreshwa muri rusange (harimo ibikoresho bitandukanye by'imashini nto, imashini nto, ibikoresho by'ubuvuzi, ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga, nibindi). Moteri zigenzura zigabanywamo moteri zitwara amaguru na moteri za servo.
5. Gushyira mu byiciro hakurikijwe imiterere ya rotor - moteri hakurikijwe imiterere ya rotor ishobora kugabanywamo moteri itwara imizigo mu kage (isanzwe yitwa moteri itwara imizigo mu kage) na moteri itwara imizigo mu kage (isanzwe yitwa moteri itwara imizigo mu kage).
6. Gushyira mu byiciro hakurikijwe umuvuduko w'imikorere - moteri hakurikijwe umuvuduko w'imikorere ishobora kugabanywamo moteri zihuta cyane, moteri zihuta cyane, moteri zihuta cyane, moteri zihuta cyane.
Muri iki gihe, moteri nyinshi mu bikoresho by’imodoka zikoresha moteri za DC zikozwe mu buryo bwa brushed, ari nacyo gisubizo gakondo. Izi moteri zoroshye gutwara kandi zihendutse cyane bitewe n’imikorere yo guhindura imikorere itangwa n’uburoso. Mu bikorwa bimwe na bimwe, moteri za DC zitagira brushed (BLDC) zitanga inyungu zikomeye mu bijyanye n’ubucucike bw’ingufu, bigabanya uburemere kandi bigatanga uburyo bworohereza lisansi no kugabanya imyuka ihumanya, kandi abakora moteri bahitamo gukoresha moteri za BLDC mu bikoresho bihanagura ibirahure, ibikoresho bishyushya, guhumeka no gukonjesha (HVAC) n’imashini zitanga umwuka mwiza. Muri ibi bikorwa, moteri zikunda gukora igihe kirekire aho gukora akazi k’igihe gito nko mu madirishya y’amashanyarazi cyangwa intebe z’amashanyarazi, aho uburyo bworoshye kandi buhendutse bwa moteri zikozwe mu buryo bwa brushed bukomeje kuba ingirakamaro.
Moteri z'amashanyarazi zikwiriye imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi
Ihinduka ryo kuva ku modoka zikoresha lisansi zikoresha lisansi gusa rizahindura moteri zikoresha moteri mu mutima w'imodoka.
Sisitemu yo gutwara moteri ni umutima w'ikinyabiziga gikoresha amashanyarazi, kigizwe na moteri, imashini ihindura ingufu, ibikoresho bitandukanye byo kumenya n'amashanyarazi. Moteri zikwiriye imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi zirimo: moteri za DC, moteri za DC zidafite uburoso, moteri zitagira uruhurirane, moteri zihoraho zikoresha magnet, na moteri za switched resistance.
Moteri ya DC ni moteri ihindura ingufu z'amashanyarazi za DC mo ingufu za mekanike, kandi ikoreshwa cyane mu gukurura ingufu z'amashanyarazi kubera imikorere yayo myiza yo kugenzura umuvuduko. Ifite kandi imiterere ya torque nini yo gutangira no kugenzura byoroshye, bityo, imashini iyo ari yo yose itangirira ku mutwaro uremereye cyangwa isaba kugenzura umuvuduko umwe, nka moteri nini zihindura umuvuduko, ibyuma binini bihindura umuvuduko, za winch, za gari ya moshi zikoresha amashanyarazi, za tram n'ibindi, ikwiriye gukoreshwa na moteri za DC.
Moteri ya DC idafite uburoso ijyanye cyane n'imiterere y'imitwaro y'ibinyabiziga bikoresha amashanyarazi, ifite imiterere y'umuvuduko muto w'amashanyarazi, ishobora gutanga torque nini yo gutangira kugira ngo ihuze n'ibisabwa n'imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi, icyarimwe, ishobora gukora mu muvuduko muto, uringaniye n'uwagutse, ifite kandi imiterere y'imikorere myiza, mu bihe byoroheje, ifite imikorere myiza cyane. Imbogamizi ni uko moteri ubwayo igoye kurusha moteri ya AC kandi icyuma gipima umuvuduko kikaba kigoye kurusha moteri ya DC ifite uburoso.
Moteri idahuza, ni ukuvuga moteri itwara ingufu, ni igikoresho aho rotor ishyirwa mu butaka buzunguruka, kandi munsi y’imikorere y’ubutaka buzunguruka, haboneka torque izenguruka, bityo rotor ikazenguruka. Imiterere ya moteri idahuza ni yoroshye, yoroshye kuyikora no kuyibungabunga, ifite imiterere ihoraho y’umuvuduko, ishobora guhaza ibisabwa n’imashini nyinshi zikora mu nganda no mu buhinzi. Ariko, umuvuduko wa moteri idahuza imbaraga n’umuvuduko wayo uhuza imbaraga za rukuruzi bizunguruka bifite umuvuduko uhoraho wo kuzenguruka, bityo uburyo umuvuduko ugenzurwa nabi, ntabwo ari ubukungu nk’ubwa moteri ya DC, buroroshye. Byongeye kandi, mu mikoreshereze ifite imbaraga nyinshi kandi yihuta, moteri zidahuza imbaraga ntabwo zihagije nka moteri zidahuza imbaraga.
Moteri ihoraho ya magneti ihuza amashanyarazi ni moteri ihuza amashanyarazi ihuza amashanyarazi binyuze mu gukurura magneti zihoraho, zikora nk'uruziga rukora magneti zizenguruka, kandi imiyoboro ya stator y'ibice bitatu ikora binyuze mu gice cy'inyuma cy'amashanyarazi munsi y'imikorere y'amashanyarazi azenguruka, bigatera imbaraga z'amashanyarazi z'ibice bitatu. Moteri ihoraho ya magneti ni nto, yoroheje, ifite uburemere buke kandi ifite imbaraga nyinshi, ikwiriye imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi zifite umwanya muto. Byongeye kandi, ifite ikigereranyo kinini cya torque-to-inertia, ubushobozi bukomeye bwo gusinda, na torque nini cyane cyane ku muvuduko muto wo kuzenguruka, ikwiriye kwihutisha imodoka ikoresha mudasobwa. Kubwibyo, moteri zihoraho za magneti zamenyekanye muri rusange mu modoka zikoresha amashanyarazi zo mu gihugu no mu mahanga kandi zakoreshejwe mu modoka nyinshi zikoresha amashanyarazi. Urugero, imodoka nyinshi zikoresha amashanyarazi mu Buyapani zitwarwa na moteri zihoraho za magneti, zikoreshwa muri Toyota Prius hybrid.
Igihe cyo kohereza: 31 Mutarama 2024